Science发布内行最前沿的125个科知识题耀火健身学院全国排第名第几

2005年，在庆祝创刊125周年之际，Science公布了125个最具挑战性的科知识题。

16年之后的2021年，跟着科学的络续冲破，很多问题取得一定过程的解答，一些问题也愈加久了，联袂Science杂志发布了“新125个科知识题”——《125个科知识题：探索与发现》。

这次发布的问题包括数学、化学、医学与健康、生命科学、天文体、物理学、信息科学、工程与材料科学、神经科学、生态学、动力科学与东说念主工智能等领域。除了“物资的发源是什么”“黎曼推测是真实吗”“地球上有若干物种”等科学家永久在追问的问题，还有一些意象的问题也将带来面向东说念主类昔时的科学探究，举例：为什么咱们会坠入爱河？东说念主类有一天会不得不离开地球吗？东说念主类为什么会对猫狗如斯陶醉？

这次125个科知识题《科学》杂志专刊动作交大建校125周年记挂行径之一，问题征逼近合国外前沿、内行共需、科学发展，聚焦前瞻首要科知识题，面向科学家、学生、社会搜集。寰宇顶尖科学家协会也发达资源上风，邀请诺贝尔奖、沃尔夫奖、拉斯克奖、图灵奖、麦克阿瑟天才奖等寰宇“最广泛脑”共同参与，共同探讨东说念主类现时与昔时濒临的科知识题。

SJTU & Science 125个科知识题

Mathematical Sciences

数学

1. What makes prime numbers so special?

什么使素数如斯颠倒？

2. Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?

纳维尔-斯托克斯问题会取得惩办吗？

3. Is the Riemann hypothesis true?

黎曼推测是真实吗？

Chemistry

化学

1. Are there more color pigments to discover?

还有更多颜色元素可发现吗？

2. Will the periodic table ever be complete?

元素周期表会齐备吗？

3. How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?

如安在微不雅层面测量界面征象？

4. What is the future for energy storage？

能量存储的昔时是若何的？

5. Why does life require chirality?

为什么生命需要手性？

6. How can we better manage the world's plastic waste?

咱们若何更好地不断寰宇上的塑料废料？

7. Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?

AI会从头界说化学的昔时吗？

8. How can matter be programmed into living materials?

物资若何被编码而成为生命材料？

9. What drives reproduction in living systems?

是什么驱动生命系统的复制？

Medicine & Health

医学与健康

1. Can we predict the next pandemic?

咱们不错权衡下一次流行病吗？

2. Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?

咱们会找到疗养伤风的关键吗？

3. Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?

咱们不错狡计和制造出为个东说念主定制的药物吗？

4. Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?

东说念主体组织或器官不错统统再生吗？

5. How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?

若何防守和改造免疫稳态？

6. Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?

中医的经络系统有科学依据吗？

7. How will the next generation of vaccines be made?

下一代疫苗将若何坐褥？

8. Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?

咱们能否克服抗生素耐药性？

9. What is the etiology of autism?

自闭症的病因是什么？

10. What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?

咱们的微生物组在健康和疾病中饰演什么脚色？

11. Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?

异种移植能否惩办供体器官的极重问题？

Biology

生命科学

1. What could help conservation of the oceans?

什么不错匡助保护海洋？

2. Can we stop ourselves from aging?

咱们不错阻塞我方软弱吗？

3. Why can only some cells become other cells?

为什么唯有一些细胞会变成其他细胞？

4. Why are some genomes so big and others very small?

为什么有些基因组颠倒大而另一些却很小？

5. Will it be possible to cure all cancers?

有可能诊疗统共癌症吗？

6. What genes make us uniquely human?

哪些基因使咱们东说念主类卓尔不群？

7. How do migratory animals know where they're going?

转搬动物若何知说念它们要去那边？

8. How many species are there on Earth?

地球上有若干物种？

9. How do organisms evolve?

有机体是若何进化的？

10. Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?

为什么恐龙长得如斯之大？

11. Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?

邃古东说念主类是否曾与其他类东说念主祖宗杂交？

12. Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?

东说念主类为什么会对猫狗如斯陶醉？

13. Will the world's population keep growing indefinitely?

寰宇东说念主口会无穷增长吗？

14. Why do we stop growing?

咱们为什么会住手滋长？

15. Is de-extinction possible?

能否回存一火灭生物？

16. Can humans hibernate?

东说念主类不错蛰伏吗？

17. Where do human emotions originate?

东说念主类的情谊源于何处？

18. Will humans look physically different in the future?

昔时东说念主类的外貌会有所不同吗？

19. Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?

为什么会发生物种大爆发和大死灭？

20. How might genome editing be used to cure disease?

基因组剪辑将若何用于疗养疾病？

21. Can a cell be artificially synthesized?

不错东说念主工合成细胞吗？

22. How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?

细胞内的生物分子是若何组织从而有序有用发达作用的？

Astronomy

天文体

1. How many dimensions are there in space?

空间中有若干个维度？

2. What is the shape of the universe?

天地的形状是若何的？

3. Where did the big bang start?

大爆炸从何处启动？

4. Why don't the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?

为什么行星的轨说念不衰减并导致它们相互碰撞？

5. When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?

天地何时灭一火？它会连续扩展吗？

6. Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?

咱们有可能在另一个星球上经久居住吗？

7. Why do black holes exist?

为什么存在黑洞？

8. What is the universe made of?

天地是由什么组成的？

9. Are we alone in the universe?

咱们是天地中独一的生命体吗？

10. What is the origin of cosmic rays?

天地射线的发源是什么？

11. What is the origin of mass?

物资的发源是什么？

12. What is the smallest scale of space-time?

时空的最小行动是是若干？

13. Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?

水是天地中统共生命所必需的么，一经仅对地球生命？

14. What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?

是什么阻塞了东说念主类进行深空探伤？

15. Is Einstein's general theory of relativity correct?

爱因斯坦的广义相对论是正确的吗？

16. How are pulsars formed?

脉冲星是若何酿成的？

17. Is our Milky Way Galaxy special?

咱们的星河系颠倒吗？

18. What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?

深层生物圈的界限、组成和意旨是什么？

19. Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?

东说念主类有一天会不得不离开地球吗（一经会在尝试中故去）？

20. Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?

天地中的重元素来自何处？

21. Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?

有可能了解良好恒星和物资的结构吗？

22. What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?

高能天地中微子的发源是什么？

23. What is gravity?

什么是重力？

Physics

物理学

1. Is there a diffraction limit?

有衍射极限吗？

2. What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?

高温超导的微不雅机理是什么？

3. What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?

物资传热的极限是什么？

4. What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?

集体通顺的基快活趣是什么？

5. What are the smallest building blocks of matter?

什么是物资的最小组成部分？

6. Will we ever travel at the speed of light?

咱们会以光速行驶吗？

7. What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?

什么是量子不笃定性，为什么它很遑急？

8. Will there ever be a \"theory of everything\"?

会有“万有表面”吗？

这名21岁的英国士兵叫亚历山大·加姆斯·里齐，是英国陆军皇家威尔士燧发枪团的枪手。

9. Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?

为什么时辰似乎只朝一个标的流动？

10. What is dark matter?

什么是暗物资？

11. Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?

咱们不错制作出真东说念主大小的隐形大氅吗？

12. Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?

是否存在与光子性质或情景相悖的粒子？

13. Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?

玻色-爱因斯坦冷凝体昔时会被世俗使用吗？

14. Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?

东说念主类能制造出与太阳光相通的非关系强激光吗？

15. What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?

咱们最多不错将粒子加快到多快？

16. Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?

量子多体纠缠比量子场更基本吗？

17. What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?

量子计较机的最好硬件是什么？

18. Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?

咱们不错精准模拟宏不雅和微不雅寰宇吗？

Information Science

信息科学

1. Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?

计较机处理速率是否有上限？

2. Can AI replace a doctor?

AI不错代替医师吗？

3. Can topological quantum computing be realized?

拓扑量子计较不错结束吗？

4. Can DNA act as an information storage medium?

DNA不错用作信息存储介质吗？

Engineering & Material Science

工程与材料科学

1. What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?

湍流的最终统计不变性是什么？

2. How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?

咱们若何冲破现时的能量调动效果极限？

3. How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?

咱们如安在火星上成就制造系统？

4. Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?

纯无东说念主驾驶汽车的昔时是否推行？

Neuroscience

神经科学

1. What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?

神经元放电序列的编码准则是什么？

2. Where does consciousness lie?

意志存在于何处？

3. Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?

能否数字化地存储、操控和移植东说念主类回来？

4. Why do we need sleep?

为什么咱们需要睡觉？

5. What is addiction and how does it work?

什么是成瘾？

6. Why do we fall in love?

为什么咱们会坠入爱河？

7. How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?

谈话若何演变酿成，大脑的哪些部分对其进行收尾？

8. How smart are nonhuman animals?

除东说念主类除外的其他动物有多聪惠？

9. Why are most people right-handed?

为什么大多半东说念主齐是右撇子？

10. Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?

咱们不错诊疗神经退行性疾病吗？

11. Is it possible to predict the future?

有可能先见昔时吗？

12. Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?

精神贬抑能否有用会诊和疗养？

Ecology

生态学

1. Can we stop global climate change?

咱们不错阻塞内行称心变化吗？

2. Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?

咱们能把过量的二氧化碳存到何处？

3. What creates the Earth's magnetic field (and why does it move)?

是什么创造了地球的磁场（为什么它会搬动）？

4. Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?

咱们是否唐突更准确地权衡灾害性事件（海啸、飓风、地震）？

5. What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?

若是地球上统共的冰融解会若何？

6. Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?

咱们不错创造一种环保的塑料替代品吗？

7. Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?

险些统共材料齐不错回收再诓骗是否不错结束？

8. Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?

咱们会很快看到小麦、玉米、大米和大豆等单一作物的闭幕吗？

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Energy Science

动力科学

1. Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?

咱们不错生涯在一个去化石燃料的寰宇中吗？

2. What is the future of hydrogen energy?

氢能的昔时是若何的？

3. Will cold fusion ever be possible?

冷聚变有可能结束吗？

Artificial Intelligence

东说念主工智能

1. Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?

可打针的抗病纳米机器东说念主会成为推行吗？

2. Will it be possible to create sentient robots?

是否有可能创建有感知力的机器东说念主？

3. Is there a limit to human intelligence?

东说念主类智商是否有极限？

4. Will artificial intelligence replace humans?

东说念主工智能会取代东说念主类吗？

5. How does group intelligence emerge?

群体智能是若何出现的？

6. Can robots or AIs have human creativity?

机器东说念主或 AI 不错具有东说念主类创造力吗？

7. Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?

量子东说念主工智能不错师法东说念主脑吗？

8. Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?

咱们不错和计较机聚集以酿成东说念主机羼杂物种吗？

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